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wind_energy_more [2014/08/27 14:11] – created lpgilliawind_energy_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +<html>
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 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                 The calculator lets you choose the share of Wind energy in the total electricity generation capacity in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Wind Energy</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=wind.jpg" alt="image"/>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Global market</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                        <li>Value range</li>
 +                        <li>References</li>
 +                    </ul>
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
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 +    <a name="impact"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of Wind energy?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                        In Switzerland, increasing the share of Wind energy in the total electricity generation capacity will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increase the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increase pressure on the grid by increasing non-dispatchable electricity generation.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase energy independence and energy security by reducing fossil imports.</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
 +                    </div>
 +
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Reduce global CO2 emissions.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=neutral_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Minimal impact from end-of-life components, which can mainly be recycled.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Visual intrusion is significant if placed on ridges and hilltops where wind resources are strongest. If placed too close to habitations there is potential noise disturbances.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Wind turbines can disturb migratory routes for birds and upset sea life offshore. They can also cause interference with radar systems.</p>
 +
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 +                                <h4>Society & Economy</h4>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Direct impacts on the cost of the energy transition are limited as wind turbines are cost competitive in windy settings. However, indirect costs of integrating wind at high shares are not well understood and may increase the cost of the energy transition.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May improve balance of payments by substituting imported energy by domestic electricity.</p>
 +
 +
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">GLOBAL MARKET – What is the global market for Wind energy?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
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 +
 +                     Global installed wind capacity at the end of 2011 was around 238 GW, up from 18 GW at the end of the year 2000. Around 41 GW were added in 2011 alone. In recent years, wind centre of growth moved from Europe and North America to Asia, which emerged as the global leader. China became the global leader in terms of total installed capacity in a very short time, overtaking the United States in 2010.[3]
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
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 +                </header>
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is Wind energy?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>Electricity can be generated by wind turbines at a wide range of scales and using  different designs. The dominant concept that emerged during the 1990s is the structurally stiff, 3-bladed rotor, upwind design. This design can be  deployed globally at scales ranging from a few kW to several MW. Small turbines can be fixed to buildings or mounted on poles near remote buildings, for example. Large wind farms employ several hundred MW-scale turbines.</p>
 +                                <p>Where conditions permit, wind turbines are increasingly sited offshore in view of their visual intrusion and thanks to normally high and relatively constant offshore wind speeds.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Wind energy deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• For larger turbines it is hard to find sites that offer an acceptable compromise between wind speed, visual intrusion, grid connection cost, and other factors.</p>
 +<p>• Grid operators are wary of accepting high level shares of wind generation in the absence of means to balance the grid in the event of shortfalls.</p>
 +<p>• Smaller turbines in low wind settings are rarely economic.</p>
 +
 +
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 +<!-- /BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS -->
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – WHAT ARE THE ASSUMPTIONS CONSIDERED IN THE CALCULATOR?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
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 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Wind energy model of the calculator.
 +
 +^[[capacity_factor_wind|Capacity factor]]^^^
 +^2011 ^2035 ^2050 ^
 +|0.23 |0.25 |0.27 |
 +
 +^Monthly distribution <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>^^^^^^^^^^^^
 +^J ^F ^M ^A ^M ^J ^J ^A ^S ^O ^N ^D ^
 +|0.120 |0.093 |0.104 |0.065 |0.065 |0.050 |0.055 |0.050 |0.058 |0.103 |0.112 |0.125 |
 +
 +^[[emissions_wind|Emissions]]^^^^
 +^ ^2011 ^2035 ^2050 ^
 +|CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./kWh<sub>e</sub>] |0.0161 |0.00903 |0.00836 |
 +|Deposited waste [UBP/kWh<sub>e</sub>] |1.89 |1.06 |0.979 |
 +
 +^[[cost_wind|Cost]]^^^^
 +^ ^2011 ^2035 ^2050 ^
 +|Specific investment [CHF/kW<sub>e</sub>] |2'008 |1'693 |1'644 |
 +
 +
 +<html>
 +<div id="wrapper">
 +  <div id="content">
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 +<!-- /BEGIN VALUE RANGE -->
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">VALUE RANGE - WHAT RANGE OF VALUES CAN I CHOOSE?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END ASSUMPTIONS -->
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 +  font-size: 26px;
 +  text-transform: uppercase;
 +  color: #1d1d1b;
 +  margin-bottom: 20px;
 +}
 +/* TEXTE PAGES ET ADMION */
 +#content.text,
 +.redactor_box {
 +  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif;
 +  font-size: 16px;
 +  color: #333333;
 +  padding: 20px;
 +}
 +#content.text body,
 +.redactor_box body {
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 +}
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 +.redactor_box h2,
 +#content.text h4,
 +.redactor_box h4 {
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 +  text-transform: uppercase;
 +  margin-bottom: 10px;
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 +.redactor_box p {
 +  color: #333333;
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 +.redactor_box #wysiwyg {
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 +  background: none;
 +  border: none;
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 +  margin: 40px 0;
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 +  margin: 20px auto 40px auto;
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 +
 +//MIN Value//: 0 GW
 +
 +//MAX Value//:
 +^2035 |4.5GW  |The maxumum potential is estimated to be 10 TWh <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>, produced by 4.23 GW ([[capacity_factor_wind|Capacity factor]] = 0.27). This is equivalent to about  185 wind turbine parks with 5 to 10 turbines. These parks would cover 0.54% of the Swiss surface.|
 +^2050 |::: |:::|
 +
 +
 +<html>
 +<div id="wrapper">
 +  <div id="content">
 +    <div class="blocWrapper">
 +
 +<!-- /REFERENCES -->
 +    <a name="assumptions"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">REFERENCES</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +  color: #1d1d1b;
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 +}
 +/* TEXTE PAGES ET ADMION */
 +#content.text,
 +.redactor_box {
 +  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif;
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 +  font-size: 14px;
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 +</style>
 +</html>
 +
 +[1] [[http://www.juvent.ch/centrale-eolienne-197.html|Juvent website (wind turbines in Jura)]]
 +
 +[2] [[http://www.suisse-eole.ch/fileadmin/PDF/Potenzial_potentiel/Francais/Faits-Nouvpotentiels-121126.pdf|Suisse Eole (2012), Potentiels et buts de l’énergie éolienne en Suisse.]]
 +
 +[3] [[http://www.iea.org/topics/windpower/|International Energy Agency]]