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photovoltaic_more [2015/02/16 16:08] – codinaphotovoltaic_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +<html>
 +<div id="wrapper">
 +  <div id="content">
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 +
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 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    The calculator lets you choose the Photovoltaic generation capacity (GW) in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Photovoltaic</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=photovoltaic_more.jpg" alt="image"/>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Global market</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                        <li>Value range</li>
 +                    </ul>
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 +
 + <!-- /BEGIN impact -->
 +    <a name="impact"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of Photovoltaic energy?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                        In Switzerland, increasing the share of Photovoltaic energy in the total electricity generation mix will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increase the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> At very high shares, the seasonal supply-demand gap (excess generation in summer and generation shortage in winter) can become problematic.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increase pressure on the grid by increasing non-dispatchable  electricity generation.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=neutral_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> No effect on final energy consumption.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Can increase energy independence and energy security.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
 +                    </div>
 +
 +                    <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Reduces global CO2 emissions.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase deposited waste and environmental impacts related to mining and end of life treatment of PV panels.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Can increase pressure on land availability, unless limited to roof-top and other unused areas.</p>
 +
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 +                    </div>
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 +                                <h4>Society & Economy</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Direct impacts on the cost of the energy transition are limited as PV technology is becoming cheaper. However, indirect costs of integrating PV at high shares are not well understood and may increase the cost of the energy transition.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May increase the acceptance of the energy transition through increased awareness of electricity consumers who become from time to time also electricity producers.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May improve balance of payments by substituting imported energy by domestic electricity.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Self-consumption of produced PV electricity can increase electricity levies for all other electricity consumers (fewer kWhs to spread the cost).</p>
 +
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 +
 +
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END impact -->
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 +  <!-- /BEGIN GLOBAL MARKET -->
 +    <a name="globalmarket"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">GLOBAL MARKET – What is the global market for Photovoltaic energy?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +
 +                        In 2012 the global installed capacity of photovoltaics was estimated to be more than 134 GW.[5] The newly installed capacity was estimated at 38 GW in that year, with leading markets being China (11.3 GW), Japan (6.9 GW) and the USA (4.75 GW).  Annual installations in Europe have been decreasing over recent years (2011: 22 GW, 2012: 17 GW, 2013: 10.3 GW). The IEA estimated that 0.3% of the electricity generated globally in 2011 came from PV. In IEA’s New Policy Scenario, this share increases to 4.3% by 2035.[6]
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +
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 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END GLOBAL MARKET -->
 +
 +
 +    <!-- /BEGIN DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
 +    <a name="definition"></a><a name="constraints"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                    <div class="half">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is Photovoltaic energy?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>Photovoltaic energy refers to the direct conversion of solar radiation into direct current power. PV panels are made up of cells which contain a material (often silicon-based) which releases electrons in response to light.</p>
 +                                <p>PV panels can be used singly, or in arrays providing a power ofup to several MW. The majority of PV arrays today are grid connected and thus require a DC-AC converter.</p>
 +                                <p>The nominal capacity (kW) of a PV system is a calculated value based on defined standard benchmark conditions. Depending on the location, one kW of installed PV may typically generate between 800 and 2,500 kWh in one year.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
 +                    </div>
 +
 +                    <div class="half">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Photovoltaic energy deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• Generation of PV electricity does not follow the fluctuations in time of the demand in most world regions (day-night, winter-summer) so large scale deployment of PV needs to be combined with measures such as storage that can balance supply and demand.</p>
 +<p>• While PV module costs and prices have fallen significantly in recent years, installed system cost (incl. mounting, electric installations, current  inverter and project development) still poses a barrier to deployment.</p>
 +<p>• Permitting of PV plants and grid connection is a key barrier to PV deployment in some countries.</p>
 +<p>• Availability of roof area suitable for PV can become a limiting factor in achieving high PV shares. Systems installed on ‘green’ fields may cause public resistance.</p>
 +<p>• It can be challenging to sell PV electricity with sufficient margin in a merit- order based market. Incentives may therefore persist even at very low levelized cost of PV electricity.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
 +                    </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
 +
 +<!-- /BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS -->
 +    <a name="assumptions"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – What are the assumptions considered in the calculator?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END ASSUMPTIONS -->
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 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Photovoltaic energy model of the calculator.
 +
 +^[[capacity_factor_pv|Capacity factor]]^^^
 +^2011 ^2035 ^2050 ^
 +|0.113 |0.113 |0.113 |
 +
 +^Monthly distribution* ^^^^^^^^^^^^
 +^J ^F ^M ^A ^M ^J ^J ^A ^S ^O ^N ^D ^
 +|0.040 |0.064 |0.090 |0.111 |0.117 |0.114 |0.123 |0.117 |0.093 |0.066 |0.038 |0.027 |
 +*Based on the actual PV electricity production for the “Mittenland” <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>.
 +
 +^[[pv_efficiency|Efficiency [%]]]^^^
 +^2011 ^2035 ^2050 ^
 +|16 |  25  ||
 +
 +^[[emissions_pv|Emissions]]^^^^
 +^ ^2011 ^2035 ^2050 ^
 +|CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./kWh<sub>e</sub>] |0.0625 |0.0334 |0.0179 |
 +|Deposited waste [UBP/kWh<sub>e</sub>] |7.87 |4.20 |2.25 |
 +
 +^[[cost_pv|Cost]]^^^^
 +^ ^2011 ^2035 ^2050 ^
 +|Specific investment [CHF/kW<sub>e</sub>] |3'750 |2'214 |1'824 |
 +
 +
 +
 +<html>
 +<div id="wrapper">
 +  <div id="content">
 +    <div class="blocWrapper">
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">VALUE RANGE - WHAT RANGE OF VALUES CAN I CHOOSE?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END ASSUMPTIONS -->
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 +.redactor_box h2,
 +#content.text h4,
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 +  margin: 20px auto 40px auto;
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 +</style>
 +</html>
 +
 +//MIN Value//: 0 GW
 +
 +//MAX Value//:
 +^2035 |25GW  |The potential for 2035-2050 is estimated to be 25 TWh ([[photovoltaic_potential|More information]]), produced by 25 GW ([[capacity_factor_pv|Capacity factor]] = 0.113). The required surface for the panels represents 40% of the actual appropiate roofs and façades surface for PV panels installation in Switzerland.|
 +^2050 |::: |:::|
 +
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 +  <div id="content">
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">REFERENCES</h2>
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 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +  font-size: 26px;
 +  text-transform: uppercase;
 +  color: #1d1d1b;
 +  margin-bottom: 20px;
 +}
 +/* TEXTE PAGES ET ADMION */
 +#content.text,
 +.redactor_box {
 +  font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans Serif;
 +  font-size: 16px;
 +  color: #333333;
 +  padding: 20px;
 +}
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 +.redactor_box body {
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 +}
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 +.redactor_box h2,
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 +.pagination ul li.next {
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 +  font-size: 14px;
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 +</style>
 +</html>
 +
 +[1] [[http://www.roger-nordmann.ch/articles/2012.10.21_Swissolar_Rapport_Remund-Nordmann_PV.pdf|Roger Nordmann (2012), L’évolution des besoins de stockage au fur et à mesure de la sortie du nucléaire, dans l’hypothèse où l’on remplace 70 % du nucléaire par du photovoltaïque.]]
 +
 +[2] [[http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/pv_roadmap.pdf|IEA(2010), Technology roadmap, Solar photovoltaic energy.]]
 +
 +[3] [[http://www.swissolar.ch/fileadmin/files/swissolar_neu/3._Photovoltaik/3.01_solartrom/120322_Hintergrund_PV-Tagung_fr_def.pdf|Swissolar (2012), Comment produire 20% d’électricité solaire en 2025.]]
 +
 +[4] [[http://www.strom.ch/uploads/media/AES_DCB_04_Electricite-photovoltaique-solaire-thermique_03-2013.pdf|VSE (2012), Electricité photovoltaïque et solaire thermique.]]
 +
 +[5] [[http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/PVPS_report_-_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2013_-_final_3.pdf|PVPS Report: Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2013]]
 +
 +[6] [[http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2013/WEO2013_Ch06_Renewables.pdf|International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2013]]
  

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