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d_solar_more [2015/01/30 10:03] – tvmendesd_solar_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    The calculator lets you choose the share of total decentralised heat demand covered by Decentralised Solar Thermal energy in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Decentralised Solar Thermal</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Solar_heating_system_-_Thermosolaranlage_-_M%C3%B6rfelden-Walldorf_-_Germany.jpg/568px-Solar_heating_system_-_Thermosolaranlage_-_M%C3%B6rfelden-Walldorf_-_Germany.jpg?uselang=fr" alt="image"/>
 +                <small>Norbert Nagel, via Wikimedia Commons</small>
 +
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Global markets</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                        <li>References</li>
 +                    </ul>
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 + <!-- /BEGIN impact -->
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of Decentralised Solar Thermal energy?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                       In Switzerland, increasing the share of Solar thermal energy will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Reduction of final electricity and/or fossil energy consumption.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increases the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase energy independence and energy security.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=neutral_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> If electric heat is used as a back-up for low solar periods (winter), then it can increase, the seasonal supply-demand gap (excess generation in summer and generation shortage in winter).</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Very likely to reduce global CO2 emissions.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to avoid emissions of harmful pollutants, especially in urban areas (heating oil-boilers can remain off in summer).</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Minimal environmental impacts due to waste (non-toxic, largely recyclable materials).</p>
 +
 +
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 +                                <h4>Society & Economy</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=neutral_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to have limited impact on the cost of the energy transition, unless prices of the fuels replaced by solar thermal rise sharply.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May improve balance of payments by substituting oil and/or electricity imports.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/>
 + Reduce Confederation income from the tax on mineral oil and electricity under the current taxation system.</p>
 +
 +
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 +
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">GLOBAL MARKET – What is the global market for Decentralised Solar Thermal energy?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +
 +                        The globally installed solar thermal capacity, including district heating and industry was estimated at 268 GW (thermal) in 2012.  About 200 TWh of solar thermal heat has been used for heat in the buildings sector in 2011. Of this figure about 130 TWh (thermal) have been consumed in China alone, which has been the major growth market over the past 10 years. India could be the next fast growing market as it has set the goal to install 20 million m² of solar thermal collectors (14 GW thermal) by 2022.[1]
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                    <div class="half">
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is Decentralised Solar Thermal energy?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>Decentralised solar thermal systems use solar collectors to harvest solar energy for use in the form of heat. They employ typically roof-mounted rectangular collectors made up of flat plates or evacuated tubes which capture solar radiation and thus generate heat.</p>
 +                                <p>The produced heat is then transferred to a water-filled thermal store and used to supply hot water and space heating energy. The thermal store can release heat for a period of hours up to several weeks, depending on the size of the tank, insulation and usage patterns.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Decentralised Solar Thermal energy deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• Decentralised Solar Thermal competes for roof-top area with Photovoltaics (PV). PV is often a more attractive investment due to guaranteed feed-in tariffs, whereas profitability of solar thermal hinges on prices of the conventional energy source that is being displaced.</p>
 +                                <p>• Unlikely to completely replace the need for a conventional water heater, so can be perceived as an additional capital cost and source of complexity, rather than as a means to save money.</p>
 +                                <p>• The produced heat cannot be stored for long or transported to another location, therefore  much of the summer generation is wasted.</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
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 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
 +
 +
 +    <!-- /BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS -->
 +    <a name="assumptions"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – What are the assumptions considered in the calculator?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +               </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END ASSUMPTIONS -->
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 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Photovoltaic energy model of the calculator.
 +
 +^[[capacity_factor_d_solar|Capacity factor]]^
 +^2011-2050 ^
 +|0.113 |
 +
 +^Monthly distribution* ^^^^^^^^^^^^
 +^J ^F ^M ^A ^M ^J ^J ^A ^S ^O ^N ^D ^
 +|0.048 |0.062 |0.090 |0.089 |0.106 |0.110 |0.121 |0.112 |0.098 |0.076 |0.049 |0.041 |
 +*Based radiation data for the village of Verbier.
 +
 +^[[emissions_d_solar|Emissions]]^^
 +^ ^2011-2050 ^
 +|CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./GWh<sub>th</sub>] |10'973 |
 +|Deposited waste [UBP/GWh<sub>th</sub>] |1'718'064 |
 +
 +^[[cost_d_solar|Cost]]^^
 +^ ^2011-2050 ^
 +|Specific investment [CHF/kW<sub>th</sub>] |2'090 |
 +
 +
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 +<!-- /REFERENCES -->
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">REFERENCES</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +            <div class="clear"></div>
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 +</style>
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 +
 +[1] [[https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/FeaturedInsight_HeatingWithoutGlobalWarming_FINAL.pdf|Heating without global warming, Market Developments and Policy Considerations for Renewable Heat. Report by the IEA.]]
  

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