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d_adv_cogen_more [2014/08/29 07:02] – created lpgilliad_adv_cogen_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    The calculator lets you choose the share of total decentralised heat demand covered by Decentralised Advanced Cogeneration in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Decentralised Advanced Cogeneration</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/SenerTec_Dachs_Pro_20_LichtBlick_ZuhauseKraftwerk_Volkswagen_EcoBlue.jpg" alt="image"/>
 +                <small>Louis-F. Stahl, via Wikimedia Commons, under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en"></small>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Global market</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                        <li>References</li>
 +                    </ul>
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of Decentralised Advanced Cogeneration?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                       In Switzerland, increasing the share of Decentralised Advanced Cogeneration will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Reduces primary energy demand by meeting energy demands with a higher overall efficiency.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase total fossil fuel consumption.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Unlikely to promote an increased share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to reduce pressure on the grid by providing distributed generation capacity.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to decrease energy independence.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase energy security by reinforcing the grid with distributed generation.</p>
 +
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 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to reduce global CO2 emissions.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Unlikely to increase deposited waste</p>
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 +                                <h4>Society & Economy</h4>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to significantly increase the cost of the energy transition.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May worsen balance of payments by increasing fossil fuel imports.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Can potentially provide consumers with power in emergencies and during grid failures.</p>
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">GLOBAL MARKET – What is the global market for Decentralised Advanced Cogeneration?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 +                        The largest deployment of fuel cell distributed CHP systems has taken place in Japan. In 2013, 35,000 units were deployed there and 53,000 units are expected to be deployed there in 2014. This significant deployment has been supported by a government subsidy and has accelerated since the Fukushima disaster driven by consumer interest in reliable power.[1]
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
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 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is Decentralised Advanced Cogeneration?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>In a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, the energy from a fuel is used to generate electricity and heat. Thermodynamically, the heat is recovered from the waste heat of the electricity generation process resulting in a higher overall energy efficiency than can be achieved if the processes are operated separately.</p>
 +                                <p>Advanced cogeneration systems would consist of a fuel cell that generates both electricity and hot water. Such systems are most typically fuelled with natural gas.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Decentralised Advanced Cogeneration deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• The capital cost of advanced cogeneration systems is significantly higher than the one of more conventional technologies and is likely to require some policy incentive to support deployment.</p>
 +                                <p>• Cogeneration systems need to be connected to the electricity grid to be most effective and this can be challenging from a technical and regulatory viewpoint.</p>
 +                                <p>• A significant fraction of both the electricity and heat output of a distributed CHP system must be used to make the system cost effective. It can often be challenging to simultaneously match both loads in small distributed applications.</p>
 +
 +
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 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
 +
 +
 +    <!-- /BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS -->
 +    <a name="assumptions"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – What are the assumptions considered in the calculator?</h2>
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 +                </header>
 +                            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END ASSUMPTIONS -->
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 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Advanced cogeneration model of the calculator.
 +
 +^  [[efficiency_fc|Efficiency [%]]]  ^^^^^
 +^  ^  2035  ^^  2050  ^^
 +^**Technology**^  **Electricity**  ^  **Heat**  ^  **Electricity**  ^  **Heat**  ^
 +|**Natural gas** |58 |22 |70 |20 |
 +|**Hydrogen** |58 |22 |70 |20 |
 +
 +
 +^  [[d_adv_cogen_emissions|Emissions]]  ^^^
 +^  ^^  2011-2050  ^
 +^CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./kWh<sub>th</sub>] |**Natural gas** |TO COMPLETE |
 +^::: |**Hydrogen** |TO COMPLETE |
 +^Deposited waste [UBP/kWh<sub>th</sub>] |**Natural gas** |TO COMPLETE |
 +^::: |**Hydrogen** |TO COMPLETE |
 +
 +
 +
 +^  [[d_adv_cogen_cost|Cost]]  ^^^
 +^  ^  2035  ^  2050  ^
 +^Specific investment [CHF<sub>2010</sub>/kW<sub>th</sub>] |11'837 |8'972 |
 +
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 +
 +[1] [[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysis/industry-review/2013/the-industry-review-2013|Fuel Cell Today, 2013, The Fuel Cell Industry Review]]