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coal_more [2015/02/16 17:08] codinacoal_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +<html>
 +<div id="wrapper">
 +  <div id="content">
 +    <div class="blocWrapper">
 +
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 +        <div class="blocGroupWrapper">
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    The calculator lets you choose the share of energy from Coal in the total electricity production capacity in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Coal Power</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/MTR1.jpg" alt="image"/>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Global market</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                        <li>Value range</li>
 +                        <li>References</li>
 +                    </ul>
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
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 +    <a name="impact"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of the use of energy from Coal?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                        In Switzerland, increasing the share of Coal Power in the total electricity production capacity will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=neutral_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> No impact on final energy demand.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increase total fossil fuel consumption.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to decreases the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix as the cost of coal is low.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to decrease energy independence by promoting coal imports.</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
 +                    </div>
 +
 +                    <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increases global CO2 emissions.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase other harmful emissions such as radiation due to trace compounds in the coal.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase deposited waste of ash from the boiler.</p>
 +
 +
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 +                                <h4>Society & Economy</h4>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to reduce the cost of the energy transition.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png
 +" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May worsen balance of payments by requiring coal imports.</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 +
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 +    <!-- /END impact -->
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 +  <!-- /BEGIN GLOBAL MARKET -->
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">GLOBAL MARKET – What is the global market for Coal Power?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +
 +                        In 2010, 41% of all the electricity produced globally was from coal plants whereas in Europe, that fraction was 26%.[4] There is currently no coal fired electricity production capacity in Switzerland. [5]
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +
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 +
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
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 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is a Coal Power ?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>Coal-fired power plants burn coal to generate steam. The steam is then used to drive a steam turbine which in turn drives a generator that generates electricity.</p>
 +                                <p>Modern, state-of-the-art coal boilers burn pulverised coal and operate at very high temperatures and pressures to achieve overall efficiencies in the range of 40–45%. Modern coal boilers also have a range of emissions control technologies that limit the emissions of harmful pollutants, such as sulphur and nitrogen oxides and mercury.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Coal Power deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• The primary constraint on deployment of coal power plants, at least in developed countries, is likely to come from policy. Currently the economics of coal plants are quite favourable but there is political will to phase out this technology as it is very intensive in terms of GHG emissions.</p>
 +
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – WHAT ARE THE ASSUMPTIONS CONSIDERED IN THE CALCULATOR?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
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 +
 +At the present moment there is no coal fired power plant for electricity production in Switzerland, that is the reason why there is no assumption for 2011.
 +
 +Various technologies are expected to be available for coal power plants in 2035 and 2050: SC (Supercritical), USC (Ultra-supercritical), A-USC (Advanced Ultra-supercritical), IGCC (Integrated gasification combined cycle). The table below represents the assumed penetration for these technologies for 2050. It is considered that no Subcritical power plant would be planned for construction, as the technology is the least efficient and forecasted to be phased-out.
 +
 +As [[combined_gas_cycle_more|CCGT]] plants, coal power plants can also integrate [[co2_storage_more_2|Carbon Capture and Sequestration systems]] (CCS).
 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Coal power plant model of the calculator.
 +
 +^  Coal Power Plants capacity share [%] <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>  ^^^
 +^  Type  ^  2035  ^  2050  ^
 +|**SC**|  20|  0|
 +|**USC**|  60|  60|
 +|**A-USC**|  20|  35|
 +|**IGCC**|  0|  5|
 +
 +
 +^   [[coal_efficiency|Efficiency]] [%] <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>  ^^^^^
 +^  ^  **2035**  ^^  **2050**  ^^
 +^**Technology**^  **No CCS**  ^  **CCS**  ^  **No CCS**  ^  **CCS**  ^
 +|**SC**|46 | | | |
 +|**USC**|50 |43 |52 |45 |
 +|**A-USC**|52 |45 |54 |49 |
 +|**IGCC**|54 |48 |54.5 |48.5 |
 +
 +^  [[coal_emissions|Emissions]] <sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>  ^^^^^^
 +^  ^^  **2035**  ^^  **2050**  ^^
 +^  ^^  **No CCS**  ^  **CCS**  ^  **No CCS**  ^  **CCS**  ^
 +^CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./kWh<sub>e</sub>] |**SC**|0.828 |- |0.828 |- |
 +^::: |**USC**|0.751 |0.193 |0.725 |0.193 |
 +^::: |**A-USC**|0.725 |0.194 |0.695 |0.169 |
 +^::: |**IGCC**|0.697 |0.175 |0.686 |0.161 |
 +^Deposited waste [UBP/kWh<sub>e</sub>] |**SC**|6.44 |- |6.44 |- |
 +^::: |**USC**|4.45 |9.27 |3.93 |8.06 |
 +^::: |**A-USC**|3.93 |8.06 |3.61 |7.05 |
 +^::: |**IGCC**|5.50 |8.50 |5.27 |7.95 |
 +
 +
 +^  [[cost_coal|Cost]]  ^^^^
 +^  ^^  2035-2050  ^^
 +^::: ^^Without CCS ^With CCS ^
 +^Specific investment [CHF<sub>2010</sub>/kW<sub>e</sub>] |**SC** |2'046 |3'403 |
 +^::: |**USC**|2'261 |3'182 |
 +^::: |**A-USC**|2'400 |3'840 |
 +^::: |**IGCC**|2'369 |2'384 |
 +
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">VALUE RANGE - WHAT RANGE OF VALUES CAN I CHOOSE?</h2>
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 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 +//MIN Value//: 0 GW.
 +
 +//MAX Value//:
 +^2035 |10GW  |There is no specification for the value ranges of this technology as it does not depend on any other factor apart from the willingness of the civil/political society to deploy it.|
 +^2050 |::: |::: |
 +
 +<html>
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 +  <div id="content">
 +    <div class="blocWrapper">
 +
 +<!-- /REFERENCES -->
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">REFERENCES</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 +[1][[http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/TechnologyRoadmapHighEfficiencyLowEmissionsCoalFiredPowerGeneration_Updated.pdf|IEA Technology Roadmap: High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Coal-Fired Power Generation]]
 +
 +[2] [[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/RS1a%20D7.2%20Final%20report%20on%20advanced%20fossil%20power%20plants.pdf|NEEDS project(2008), Final report on technical data, costs, and life cycle inventories of advanced fossil power generation systems]]
 +
 +[3] [[http://www.needs-project.org/needswebdb/search.php|The NEEDS Life Cycle Inventory Database]]
 +
 +[4] [[http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2012/|International Energy Agency, 2012, World Energy Outlook 2012]]
 +
 +[5] [[http://www.bfe.admin.ch/php/modules/publikationen/stream.php?extlang=fr&name=fr_468077826.pdf&endung=Statistique%20globale%20suisse%20de%20l%92%E9nergie%202012|OFEN, Statistique globale suisse de l’énergie 2012]]