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c_hp_more [2015/01/30 14:48] – tvmendesc_hp_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                   The calculator lets you choose the share of total centralised heat demand covered by Centralised Heat Pumps in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Centralised Heat Pump</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Absorption_heat_pump.jpg/640px-Absorption_heat_pump.jpg" alt="image"/>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                    </ul>
 +                </div>
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of Centralised Heat Pumps?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                       In Switzerland, increasing the share of Centralised Heat Pumps will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Reduce final energy demand.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Increase total electricity consumption.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Reduce total heating oil and natural gas consumption.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to raise pressure on the grid by increasing peak electricity demand.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase energy independence by reducing fossil imports.</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
 +                        </div>
 +                    </div>
 +
 +                    <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Very likely to reduce global CO2 emissions.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> The refrigerants used in heat pumps often have high global warming potentials.</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                            </div>
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 +                                <h4>Society & Economy</h4>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase the cost of the energy transition as it requires deployment of district heating networks and heat pump technologies.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May improve balance of payments by substituting domestic electricity for fossil imports.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May reduce Confederation income from the tax on mineral oil under the current taxation system.</p>
 +
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 +
 +
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 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END impact -->
 +
 +    <!-- /BEGIN DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
 +    <a name="definition"></a><a name="constraints"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
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 +                </header>
 +                    <div class="half">
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is a Centralised Heat Pump?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>A heat pump is a device that draws heat from the environment and delivers it to a heated space at a higher temperature. The device is most usually driven using electricity but absorption heat pumps driven by a heat source are also available.</p>
 +                                <p>Heat pumps can draw heat from the outside air (air source) or using a heat transfer loop that draws heat from the ground (ground source) or a body of water (water source).</p>
 +                                <p>The air source heat pumps lose efficiency  at low external temperature. In contrast, ground and water source heat pumps operate efficiently  year round, because the temperature of the heat source remains more or less constant, but are more expensive to install.</p>
 +                                <p>Centralised heat pump plants would be coupled to a district heating network. Given their larger size and typically higher utilisation factor than small, decentralised heat pumps, a broader range of heat source options and plant configurations can be envisaged and the plants will typically achieve higher COPs.</p>
 +
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Centralised Heat Pumps deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• Requires district heating infrastructure (network) which can be capital intensive to deploy, particularly as a retrofit.</p>
 +                                <p>• Currently low energy prices make the economics of such an integrated energy system quite challenging without significant policy drivers.</p>
 +                                <p>• District heating systems require higher operating water temperatures, which is not optimal for heat pumps.</p>
 +
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
 +    <!-- /END DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
 +
 +
 +    <!-- /BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS -->
 +    <a name="assumptions"></a>
 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – What are the assumptions considered in the calculator?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Centralized heat pump model of the calculator.
 +
 +^  [[cop|COP]]  ^^^
 +^  2011  ^  2035  ^  2050  ^
 +|3 |4 |4.5 |
 +
 +
 +^  [[c_hp_emissions|Emissions]]  ^^
 +^  ^  2011-2050  ^
 +^CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./kWh<sub>th</sub>] |They depend on the electricity production. |
 +^Deposited waste [UBP/kWh<sub>th</sub>] |::: |
 +
 +
 +
 +^  [[c_hp_cost|Cost]]  ^^
 +^  ^  2011-2050  ^
 +^Specific investment [CHF<sub>2010</sub>/kW<sub>th</sub>] |1465 |
  

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