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c_cogen_more [2015/01/29 11:37] tvmendesc_cogen_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    The calculator lets you choose the share of total centralised heat demand covered by Centralised Cogeneration in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Centralised Cogeneration</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CentraleThermiqueEPFL-img_0403.jpg/320px-CentraleThermiqueEPFL-img_0403.jpg" alt="image"/>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Global market</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                        <li>References</li>
 +                    </ul>
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 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of Centralised Cogeneration?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                        In Switzerland, increasing the share of Centralised Cogeneration will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Reduces global primary energy demand.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May decrease electricity demand by displacing electric forms of heating with district heating.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May increase total consumption of heating oil and natural gas.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Could increase the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix if biomass CHP systems are deployed.</p>
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 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to reduce global CO2 emissions.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Avoid emissions of harmful pollutants, especially in built areas.</p>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase the cost of the energy transition as it requires deployment of district heating networks and CHP technologies as well as, in principle, building efficiency improvements.</p>
 +
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">GLOBAL MARKET – What is the global market for Centralised Cogeneration?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
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 +
 +                       There are currently more than 5,000 district heating systems in Europe supplying more than 10% of European heating demand and generating an annual turnover of €25-30 billion. About 80% of the heat in these district heating networks comes from various forms of cogeneration.[4]
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
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 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is Centralised Cogeneration?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>In a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, the energy from a fuel is used to generate both electricity and heat. Thermodynamically, the heat is recovered from the waste heat of the electricity generation process resulting in a higher overall energy efficiency than can be achieved if the processes are operated separately (CHP plants can capture over 80% of the total energy in the fuel whereas typical advanced thermal power plants only capture about 40-50% of the energy as electricity).</p>
 +
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 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Centralised Cogeneration deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• Requires district heating infrastructure (network) that can be capital intensive to deploy, particularly as a retrofit.</p>
 +                                <p>• Is more effective with high efficiency building stocks that can manage with modest heating water temperatures.</p>
 +
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 +    <!-- /END DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – What are the assumptions considered in the calculator?</h2>
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 +                </header>
 +
 +            </div>
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 +
 +The model contain three types of centralized cogeneration technologies: [[cogen_CCGT|CCGT-CHP]], [[biomass_chp|Biomass CHP]], Diesel CHP and [[waste_chp|Waste incineration CHP]] (Waste-CHP).
 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Centralized cogeneration model of the calculator.
 +
 +^  [[cogeneration_efficiency|Efficiency]] [%]  ^^^^^
 +^  ^  2035  ^^  2050  ^^
 +^**Technology**^  **Electricity**  ^  **Heat**  ^  **Electricity**  ^  **Heat**  ^
 +|**CCGT-CHP** <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>|50 |40 |52 |41 |
 +|**Biomass-CHP** <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>|18 |53 |19 |56 |
 +|**Waste-CHP** <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>|20 |45 |20 |45 |
 +
 +
 +^  [[c_cogen_emissions|Emissions]]  ^^^
 +^  ^^  2011-2050  ^
 +^CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./MJ<sub>fuel</sub>] |**CCGT-CHP**|0.0679 |
 +^::: |**Biomass-CHP**|0.00868 |
 +^::: |**Waste-CHP**|0.00024 |
 +^Deposited waste [UBP/MJ<sub>fuel</sub>] |**CCGT-CHP**|0.136 |
 +^::: |**Biomass-CHP**|0.360 |
 +^::: |**Waste-CHP**|0.02344 |
 +
 +
 +^  [[c_cogen_cost|Cost]]  ^^^^^
 +^  ^^  2011  ^  2035  ^  2050  ^
 +^Specific investment [CHF<sub>2010</sub>/kW<sub>e</sub>] |**CCGT-CHP**|1127 |1046 |942 |
 +^::: |**Biomass-CHP**|5621 |5366 |5366 |
 +^::: |**Waste-CHP**|7503 |7037 |7037 |
 +
 +
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 +<!-- /REFERENCES -->
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">REFERENCES</h2>
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 +
 +[1] [[http://www.needs-project.org/docs/RS1a%20D7.2%20Final%20report%20on%20advanced%20fossil%20power%20plants.pdf|NEEDS project (2008), Final report on technical data, costs, and life cycle inventories of advanced fossil power generation systems]]
 +
 +[2] [[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/42843/3237-cons-ro-banding-arup-report.pdf|UK DECC (2011), Review of the generation costs and deployment potential of renewable electricity technologies in the UK.]]
 +
 +[3] [[https://www.mhi-global.com/company/technology/review/pdf/e441/e441010.pdf|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd (2007), High efficiency and low emission diesel engine co-generation system]]
 +
 +[4] [[http://www.dhcplus.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/120529_Vision_DHC_final.pdf|DHC+ 2012, District Heating and Cooling plus, The Vision for District Heating and Cooling.]]