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c_boiler_more [2015/01/30 10:16] – tvmendesc_boiler_more [2023/11/16 15:21] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>What can I choose in the calculator?</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    The calculator lets you choose the share of total centralised heat demand covered by Centralised Boilers in Switzerland in the selected year (2035 or 2050).
 +                </div>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Centralised Boilers</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fernheizzentrale_Bad_Steben_2010-2.JPG/640px-Fernheizzentrale_Bad_Steben_2010-2.JPG" alt="image"/>
 +            </div>
 +            <div class="bloc single bgWhite">
 +                <header>
 +                    <h2>Contents</h2>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <ul>
 +                        <li>Impact</li>
 +                        <li>Global markets</li>
 +                        <li>Definition</li>
 +                        <li>Constraints</li>
 +                        <li>Assumptions</li>
 +                        <li>References</li>
 +                    </ul>
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 +            <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                <header class="lined">
 +                    <h2 class="fl">IMPACT – What are the impacts of Centralised Boilers?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
 +                <div class="paddedContent">
 +                    <div class="bloc triple bgWhite">
 +                        In Switzerland, increasing the share of Centralised Boilers will have the following impacts:
 +                        <div class="clear"></div>
 +                    </div>
 +                </div>
 +                <div class="larged">
 +                        <div class="paddedContent">
 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>Energy system</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=neutral_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Unlikely to have significant impact on final energy demand.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> May decrease total electricity consumption slightly.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase total fossil fuel consumption particularly if natural gas prices remain low.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Could increase the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix if biomass or waste-fired boilers are favoured.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to reduce energy independence by promoting fossil imports.</p>
 +
 +
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 +                            </div>
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 +                                <h4>Environment & Climate</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Could reduce global CO2 emissions if biomass- and waste- fired boilers are favoured.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=neutral_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Could have a certain impact on global CO2 emissions if natural gas and heating oil fired boilers are favoured.</p>
 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=smiley_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Could decrease deposited waste if waste fired boilers are favoured.</p>
 +
 +
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 +                                <h4>Society & Economy</h4>
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 +                                <p><img src="lib/exe/fetch.php?media=sad_face.png" HEIGHT="15" WIDTH="15" BORDER="0" alt="image"/> Likely to increase the cost of the energy transition as it requires deployment of district heating networks and CHP technologies as well as, in principle building efficiency improvements.</p>
 +
 +
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">GLOBAL MARKET – What is the global market for Centralised Boilers?</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
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 +                <div class="paddedContent">
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 +                        There are currently more than 5,000 district heating systems in Europe supplying more than 10% of European heating demand and generating an annual turnover of €25-30 billion. About 80% of the heat in these district heating networks comes from various forms of cogeneration. The capacity of installed centralised boilers is likely to be proportional to the cogeneration capacity as most district heating systems will have back-up boilers. [1]
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">DEFINITION / CONSTRAINTS</h2>
 +                    <div class="clear"></div>
 +                </header>
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>DEFINITION - What is a  Centralised Boiler?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>A boiler generates hot water or steam by burning fuel. For large, centralised boilers, a wide range of fuels, such as natural gas, heating oil, wood, biomass, and municipal solid waste can be used, although natural gas, heating oil and wood are the most common fuels.</p>
 +                                <p>Centralised boilers are usually  part of a district heating system. The primary interest in deploying district heating is to use CHP plants to generate electricity and heat to improve the overall energy efficiency. Such systems would typically also include back-up boilers that ensure that the district heat demand can always be met even if the CHP plant is not operated.</p>
 +
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
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 +                            <div class="questionAnswer">
 +                                <h4>CONSTRAINTS - What are the key barriers facing Centralised Boilers deployment?</h4>
 +                                <div class="clear"></div>
 +
 +                                <p>• Requires district heating infrastructure (network) which is capital intensive to deploy, particularly as a retrofit.</p>
 +<p>• Boilers that are designed for burning biomass or municipal waste tend to be more expensive and complex than those that operate on natural gas or heating oil.</p>
 +
 +
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 +    <!-- /END DEFINITION CONSTRAINTS -->
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 +    <!-- /BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS -->
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">ASSUMPTIONS – What are the assumptions considered in the calculator?</h2>
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 +                </header>
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 +
 +The model contain three types of centralized boilers: gas boiler, oil boiler and solid fuel boiler.
 +
 +Next tables contain the assumptions that have been introduced in the Centralized boiler model of the calculator.
 +
 +^  [[boiler_efficiency|Efficiency]] [%]  ^^^
 +^  ^  2035  ^  2050  ^
 +|**Gas** |92 |95 |
 +|**Oil** |87 |90 |
 +|**Wood** |92 |95 |
 +|**Coal** |82 |85 |
 +|**Waste** |82 |85 |
 +
 +
 +^  [[c_boiler_emissions|Emissions]]  ^^^
 +^  ^^  2011-2050  ^
 +^CO<sub>2</sub>-eq. emissions [kgCO<sub>2</sub>-eq./MJ<sub>fuel</sub>] |**Gas**|0.0700 |
 +^::: |**Oil**|0.0883 |
 +^::: |**Wood**|0.00349 |
 +^::: |**Coal**|0.105 |
 +^::: |**Waste**|0.000240|
 +^Deposited waste [UBP/MJ<sub>fuel</sub>] |**Gas**|0.706 |
 +^::: |**Oil**|0.768 |
 +^::: |**Wood**|1.0913 |
 +^::: |**Coal**|0.933 |
 +^::: |**Waste**|0.0234 |
 +
 +
 +^  [[c_boiler_cost|Cost]]  ^^^
 +^  ^^  2011-2050  ^
 +^Specific investment [CHF<sub>2010</sub>/kW<sub>th</sub>] |**Gas**|124 |
 +^::: |**Oil**|323 |
 +^::: |**Solid fuel (wood, coal and waste)**|574 |
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 +                    <h2 class="fl">REFERENCES</h2>
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 +                </header>
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 +
 +[1] [[http://www.dhcplus.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/120529_Vision_DHC_final.pdf|DHC+ 2012, District Heating and Cooling plus, The Vision for District Heating and Cooling]]
  

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